If you want to be real fast (in terms of setting things up and development) and don't want to be bothered about all the "build" tools and plumbing, go with Meteor. It integrates everything in a neat package. You can exchange parts as you go and learn. The upcoming 1.3 release has React as the default view technology, but Blaze is great and very simple.
If you already have a backend I would recommend Vue.js for the frontend. Just because it isn't React or Angular, read backed by a big company. Vue.js is maintained by a single person, so when Evan decides to stop development on Vue.js you should be able to pick the work up and drive the development in your personal direction forward.