No, as different languages have different grammatical and semantical structure, the same algorithm will not be able to work on different languages. Language recognition and parsing is done using the plain old grammar of the language under consideration; you actually need linguistic knowledge to design an effective method, algorithm in this case to work with a specific language..
Consider two languages - English and Hindi. The order in which Subject , Verb and Object appear in a normal sentence is completely opposite, so the same algorithm shall not work on the two.
These are basics of NLP; learnt them in college, so my knowledge on the subject is limited and might be outdated... Hope that helps...