Back-end
You can choose any framework/library to build your nodejs based back-end. It can be anything like Express, FeathersJS, Hapi, Loopback etc (if you're starting up I would suggest Express)
So your backend NodeJS server provides some URLs (API end-points) for your front-end. URLs like:
https://api.something.com/getUsers
https://api.something.com/loginUser
https://api.something.com/updatePost
https://api.something.com/createPost
.
Front-end
Now your client just calls these API. Just like back-end, the client can be made with any framework/library like Jquery, ReactJS, VueJS, Angular etc. The client doesn't need to know which framework or library the back-end is using, as long as the URLs are always the same.
I've been developing web apps in JQuery for around 4 years. Later I tried VueJS for 1 year. Now I've finally landed upon ReactJS on building my startup (mfy.im) with a small team. And I'm pretty happy with my decision.
Why I didn't choose JQuery:
Doesn't allow you to componentize
Hard to implement reactivity
The code doesn't easily scale as the project becomes bigger
While hiring new devs, they don't want to learn JQuery
Why I didn't choose Angular:
No virtual dom which makes apps slow
Constantly changing APIs and no backward compatibility
Why I left VueJS:
Fewer libraries comparing to JQuery and ReactJS
Libraries I used are very buggy
Hard to find developers while hiring
Why we choose ReactJS
A rock-solid framework built and maintained by Facebook
We didn't feel lack of libraries as in VueJS
The larger community, which means more libraries, better support
Didn't want to re-invent the wheel. I use ant.design/docs/react/introduce
Easy to find developers while hiring (you can get a lot of freelancers too)
Scaling code is smooth. Componentization, state management, reactivity everything is awesome!