The code you're referring to are Unicode characters, font-icon libraries(like fontawesome) use custom codes from the Unicode private use area range.
Icon-font libraries select the codes this range and map them with icon glyphs in their font file, so when you're writing an icon code like this content: "/f1c5"; there's also a font-family: fontawesome; getting applied to it, which shows the character as an icon font in the frontend.