JavaScript of like 7 years ago [...] when you had just a single file to add interactivity on a web page
That isn't how JavaScript development looked like 7 years ago. For that matter, it was precisely in 2010 that npm and the some of the biggest frameworks still in use were released.
That aside, I think it should be enough to introduce him to ES2015 and getting him to practice. If he's really interested, he'll look into libraries/frameworks by himself. And I recommend a lighter framework; angular is way too opinionated to use as first framework.