I would choose TypeScript over CoffeeScript for a lot of reasons! As someone who did professional Ruby development for a number of years, I have a soft spot for CoffeeScript, but I wouldn't use it today personally. First, TypeScript offers a type system which is extremely useful especially for editor tooling. Second, TypeScript is built on JavaScript so it's the same syntax with the exception of the extensions for type annotations (which are optional anyway with TypeScript's --checkJs flag) and is easier to learn. Third, many of the features which made CoffeeScript great have been incorporated into ECMAScript and therefore TypeScript itself, so many of the reasons to use CoffeeScript are no longer true.
I've answered previously about what's coming up. In general you can always keep tabs on the proposals repo - the higher the stage, the more likely it'll be in the next version!