Great book which I would recommend is RabbitMQ in Depth, the book is not finished, but it's already a great book. Otherwise work through the tutorials on RabbitMQ's website. Some nice use-cases for RabbitMQ, you can find in Enterprise Integration Patterns, although this will teach you patterns which can be applied to RabbitMQ instead of RabbitMQ itself (their examples typically don't use RabbitMQ).
To help you understand it quickly (it took me a long time before somebody pointed out my misunderstanding of RabbitMQ), understand that you're always publishing to an exchange, the exchange then routes the message to a queue and you always consume from a queue. If you publish to a fanout exchange, the exchange will simply copy the message to all queues registered on that exchange, direct exchange will route the message to a single queue, topic exchange will look at the header of your message and decide to which queue(s) to route it to. With RPC you can publish to an exchange, have it routed to a queue, once the message is consumed, your consumer needs to publish a response on some exchange again that will route the message to a response queue. That's RabbitMQ in a nutshell.