Interesting project. I would suggest java for the backend (with spring boot) because it’s good base and ecosystem with a large amount of choices. I have not that much experience with nodejs ( only smaller projects) but compared to java I’m not (yet) confident that the DX is that good in larger projects (may someone can tell with more experience). Database wise, I do think you’ll need one. I’m yet not entirely sure whether you should go with a rational or nosql database. May take a look at rethinkdb, we’re (at work) happy with it.
On front-end choose what you like but I would recommend d3js for Charts and aggrid for (advanced) table stuff since you may handle with a quite amount of values.