Depends on the project, and it's maturity.
Web project
- Local machine, with SQLite, MongoDB, and other lightweight solutions
- Local machine, containers. This immediately precedes…
- Production, or at least production-like environment, like Heroku or a Digital Ocean droplet
Libraries, like an SDK
- Local machine
- Live testing. The test code still runs on my local machine
Desktop application
- Local machine
- Flatpaks or distro-specific packages (RPM, Deb, etc.)