I am an TI Engineer student, from Entre Ríos, Argentina.
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Over the years Python has taken most of the science community thanks to godly libraries (NumPy, SciPy, etc). Also, Python has one of the simpliest syntax of programming languages. It's interpreted so it does not need compiling. Also multiparadigms so you can code as you like (OOP, Funtional, Imperative) Machine Learning is being researched mostly by computer scientist. I think when most of them start researching they look up for the easiest language, so they dont waste time learning the language and they can go straight to do their work.
Well, this is a good question, everyday I read news about python I keep surprising about the power of the language. I think there is a lot you can do, and almost nothing you can't do with it. But... if I have to make a list of what I wouldn't use python for, I'll say... Game programming. Althought you can use pygame libraries to create great 2d games, or others libraries (Cocos, Panda) or low level game programming (Pyglet, PyOpenGl). OS programming. Mobile programming. Nowadays you have libraries like Kivy which indeed are great for touchables environments. Low memory/cpu consumption apps. By this I mean, when I have to code in a old PC, I prefer using C++. This is a list of what I think python is not suitable.