I have toyed with the idea several times and each time ended up unimpressed. I carry around my development VM on a usb stick instead. Granted this doesn't help you with your Chromebook issue unless you host the VM on a VPS or in a container.
Git keeps the remote development files in sync while the local development environment can easily be duplicated to other machines. The local development machine doesn't need to be 100% in-sync, it just needs to be in-sync enough (ie it has my IDE & preferences, bash & preferences, servers, etc).