I recently graduated as a computer science engineer and realized that Java is quite a "fatty" language. Also the languages stated above are becoming more and more popular. So given these facts should I invest in learning Java for my future career?
There's still a lot of Java out there. Some things you can ask yourself to help decide:
It's unlikely you'll use one language through your whole career. You will learn others, it's only a matter of when. Try to think more that you are learning programming and don't get hung up on the specific language you learned first.
Java is not going anywhere. So if you need to learn it, do not refrain.
Not necessarily. However, it is worthwhile to have experience with at least one statically typed object-oriented language and, somewhat less, with at least one what I will call entreprise-grade language.
Notable options for typed OOP languages include Java, C#, C++, Go, TypeScript, Swift.
For enterprise-grade, you've got Java, C#, C++, some people say Node and Swift fit here too.
(I like C# a lot. It's less prolific than Java but is a much more enjoyable language.)
It depends on your goals. If you want to find a job (you said career), you can still do that very well with Java knowledge. If you want to learn for fun or general programming principles, Kotlin is better for both imho.
I wouldn't let the existence of Python or Go stop you from learning Java, at least. Python has been around a long time and exists alongside Java, without one killing the other. They're pretty different. Go might have a little bit more overlap, but won't kill Java either.
Kotlin is more of a competitor to Java that can be used in the same situations: it runs on the JVM and Android as well. But at the same time, it's similar enough that the step from Kotlin to Java or from Java to Kotlin won't be very hard.