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Every time you send a message to GPT-4 or Claude, an algorithm from 1994 decides how much you'll pay. That algorithm is Byte Pair Encoding — BPE for short. It's not glamorous, but it's running under the hood of nearly every modern LLM. Once you under...

1. Introduction Modern natural language processing (NLP) systems do not operate directly on raw text. Instead, text must first be transformed into a structured representation that models can process efficiently. One of the most important steps in thi...

By Apurva KanthPublished on Hashnode 💭 The Problem: When Neural Networks Don’t Know a Word Traditional Neural Machine Translation (NMT) systems work with a fixed vocabulary — often limited to around 30,000–50,000 words. But languages are full of ra...

🎉 Welcome, brave fresher! ⚔️ to the fascinating and occasionally bewildering world of Machine Learning! You’ve probably heard the mantra: “Computers don’t understand words; they understand numbers.” It’s the fundamental law of the land, the secret s...

Introduction As data continues to proliferate in volume and complexity, the need for effective methods to understand and analyze it becomes more pressing. This is especially true in the world of Natural Language Processing (NLP), where text, a unique...
