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A previous post explored how abstract classes serve as blueprints for creating cohesive class hierarchies. We discussed how inheritance allows subclasses (like Circle and Rectangle) to fulfil a "design contract" defined by a parent Shape class. Howev...

1. Encapsulation Encapsulation = data hiding + controlled access. What it solves Without encapsulation, anyone can change your internal values → breaks logic, compromises security, causes unpredictable behavior. How Java enforces it Make variables p...
